Overall results found hormone replacements were associated with higher rates of cardiac events, mostly related to dangerous blood clots, but were not associated with higher rates of death. Typically, people assigned male at birth receive estrogen and people assigned female at birth receive testosterone. Researchers retrospectively examined rates of cardiovascular events in over 21,000 people with gender dysphoria from a national database of hospital records, of whom 1,675 had used hormone replacement therapy. In these populations, long-term hormone replacement therapy has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, stroke and blood clots. Previous research on hormone-modulating medications has primarily focused on younger women using hormone-based birth control or on older women following a hysterectomy or during menopause. The current study is the largest to date examining the cardiovascular risks of gender affirmation therapy in this historically understudied population. and that hormone therapy use is rising rapidly, especially among teens and young adults. Recent data suggest about 1 million to 1.6 million people identify as transgender in the U.S. Gender affirmation therapy, part of a process known as transitioning, includes a variety of medical, psychological and behavioral interventions to help individuals, many of whom identify as transgender, acquire secondary sex characteristics that align with their gender identity. Gender dysphoria occurs when a person's gender identity conflicts with the sex they were assigned at birth.
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